Oxygen evolution reaction catalysis

Tidal stream energy has the potential to contribute global renewable generation, but this remains largely untapped. Technical developments have helped create a nascent industry with several pre-commercial installations. However, planned projects experience cautious investment climate due perceived risk of failure, and maintenance repair cost. This paper reviews 58 tidal deployments between 2003 August 2020. The analysis commonalities, success engineering issues, inform current future projects. work classifies each deployment by type, rated power, number devices, grid connection foundation. In case, project status (if appropriate) failure mode is identified. Failure modes are compared classification identify relationships. Most were horizontal axis turbines. majority (54%) performed well. 18% failed, 14% withdrawn from service, generated less power than planned. most common cause was blade followed generator monitoring failures. Ducted devices in high velocity locations more likely fail, suggesting that flow key factor. failures attributed underestimation loads during design. Floating fail fixed deployments, be curtailed. Off-grid connected showed similar rates, sector immaturity. accumulated around 1.4 million operating hours. Analysis shows falling empirical rate, likelihood experienced wind at stage. will useful for planners, developers technology companies investors de-risking efforts.